What is total cost of ownership (TCO)?

TCO is the full cost of owning something over its life — not just the purchase price, but ongoing costs like maintenance, energy, support, and replacement. This calculator adds those up across several years so you can compare options fairly.

How is TCO calculated?

Add the upfront cost to the recurring yearly costs across the years you'll own it, then subtract any resale or residual value. The calculator does this for each option side by side.

Is the TCO calculator free?

Yes — it's free in your browser. A 14-calculator downloadable TCO Toolkit is available for deeper analysis.

TCO Calculator — Free Total Cost of Ownership Tool (IT, Fleet, Solar & More)

Volume discounts (where enabled) auto-tier by the number of units you enter in that module: 5,000+ units = Enterprise pricing, fewer = Small/Mid. HR turnover uses employee headcount, not units — the two are separate.

Eleven cost calculators, one editable tool.

Kyodo TCO Toolkit estimates the true multi-year cost of the decisions every department faces — not just the sticker price, but software, labor, support, energy, maintenance, depreciation, and resale value. Pick a module, enter your numbers, and the answer updates instantly.

What's inside

IT Endpoints

Mac vs Windows laptops/desktops, per device and full fleet.

Cloud vs On-Premises

Run workloads in the cloud or on your own servers.

Fleet (EV vs Gas)

Lifetime cost per vehicle, electric vs gas/diesel.

Equipment / Asset

Any machine — warehouse, kitchen, POS, industrial.

HR — Cost of Turnover

What employee churn really costs per year.

Software — Build vs Buy

SaaS subscription vs building in-house.

Facilities

Full asset/space lifecycle cost of ownership.

Lease vs Buy

Own an asset outright or lease/finance it over time.

Insource vs Outsource

Run a function in-house or pay an outside provider.

Solar / Energy

Solar install vs grid power, with simple payback.

Factory-Floor Robots

Humanoid robots & robot dogs vs the labor they replace — with ROI and payback.

+ Your own

Open the file in Replit/Cursor and add modules.

How to use it

Choose a module on the left, replace the sample numbers with your own, and read the results. Turn on a module's volume discount to apply pricing breaks — the tier is set automatically by the number of units you enter (5,000+ = Enterprise). HR turnover uses employee headcount, not units.

Depreciation & residual

The IT module can estimate resale (residual) value from straight-line depreciation using a useful-life default you can change — or untick it and type your own residual. Either way you control the inputs.

Make it yours

This is a single self-contained file. Open it in any browser, or drop it into Replit or Cursor to rebrand it, change formulas or rates, or add modules — no install, no server, no accounts.

License & copyright

© 2026 Kyodo Partners LLC. All rights reserved. This toolkit and its source code are copyrighted and licensed to you for your own and your organization's use — modify it freely for that use. You may not resell or redistribute it (original or modified) as your own product. Provided as-is, with no warranty and no one-on-one support.

Volume discount reference (typical ranges)

Discounts grow with scale: Apple stays tight, while Windows hardware and cloud commitments cut deepest. Size-based defaults are editable in the source; these are typical negotiated ranges, not guarantees.

Category	Small / Mid (under 5,000 units)	Enterprise (5,000+ units)
Windows laptops / desktops	5–15%	15–40%
Apple Mac	3–8%	8–12%
Android phones	5–10%	12–25%
Headsets	5–10%	15–30%
Cloud (vs on-demand)	0–11%	30–65%
Software / SaaS	5–10%	15–30%

IT Endpoints — Mac vs Windows

Per-device and full-fleet cost of Mac and Windows laptops/desktops.

Inputs

Analysis period (years)

Estimate residual (book value) from straight-line depreciation · Useful life (years):

On: residual = purchase × (useful life − analysis period) ÷ useful life. Untick to type your own residual values below.

Replace devices at end of useful life (refresh cycle)

On: if the analysis period is longer than the useful life, the model buys replacement devices (e.g. a 6-year period with a 5-year life = 2 purchases). Off = single-lifecycle (one purchase).

Apply volume discount on hardware

Tier auto-set by device count (5,000+ = Enterprise). Apple (Mac): under-5k 5% / 5k+ 10%. Windows: under-5k 8% / 5k+ 25%. Off = flat pricing.

Mac

Hardware purchase ($)

Residual / resale at end ($, used if depreciation off)

Software / device / yr ($)

Support + labor / device / yr ($)

# of Mac devices

Windows

Hardware purchase ($)

Residual / resale at end ($, used if depreciation off)

Software / device / yr ($)

Support + labor / device / yr ($)

# of Windows devices

Results

Mac — per device

—

Windows — per device

—

Mac / device

Windows / device

Cloud vs On-Premises

Multi-year cost of running workloads in the cloud vs. on your own servers.

Inputs

Analysis period (years)

Apply committed-use / reserved discount to cloud spend

Applies a 40% committed-use / reserved discount (reflects reserved-instance & enterprise-agreement savings; editable in source). Off = on-demand pricing.

Cloud

Monthly cloud spend ($)

One-time migration ($)

Cloud mgmt labor / yr ($)

On-Premises

Hardware capex (one-time $)

Residual value at end ($)

Power + cooling / yr ($)

Data-center space / yr ($)

Admin labor / yr ($)

Maintenance / yr ($)

Results

Cloud — total

—

On-Premises — total

—

Cloud

On-Premises

Fleet — Electric vs Gas (per vehicle)

Lifetime cost of an electric vehicle vs. a gas/diesel vehicle.

Inputs

Analysis period (years)

Annual miles per vehicle

Electric (EV)

Purchase price ($)

Residual at end ($)

Energy cost / mile ($)

Maintenance / yr ($)

Insurance / yr ($)

Gas / Diesel

Purchase price ($)

Residual at end ($)

Fuel cost / mile ($)

Maintenance / yr ($)

Insurance / yr ($)

Results

EV — per vehicle

—

Gas — per vehicle

—

Gas / Diesel

Equipment / Asset TCO

Any asset — machinery, kitchen/warehouse equipment, POS, and more.

Inputs

Apply volume discount on purchase price

Tier auto-set by quantity (5,000+ = Enterprise). Equipment: under-5k 8% / 5k+ 22%. Off = flat pricing.

Analysis period (years)

Quantity (units)

Purchase price / unit ($)

Installation / setup, one-time ($)

Operating / unit / yr ($)

Maintenance / unit / yr ($)

Energy / unit / yr ($)

Downtime cost / unit / yr ($)

Resale value / unit at end ($)

Results

Per-unit TCO

—

Total TCO (all units)

—

HR — Cost of Employee Turnover

What churn really costs each year — recruiting, onboarding, and lost productivity. (Based on employee headcount, not units.)

Inputs

Number of employees (headcount)

Average salary ($)

Annual turnover rate (%)

Recruiting cost / departure ($)

Onboarding + training / departure ($)

Lost productivity / departure ($)

Results

Annual cost of turnover

—

Cost per departure

—

Software — Build vs Buy

Subscribe to SaaS or build it in-house? Compare the multi-year cost.

Inputs

Analysis period (years)

Number of users

Apply volume discount on SaaS price

Tier auto-set by user count (5,000+ = Enterprise). Software/SaaS: under-5k 7% / 5k+ 22%. Off = list pricing.

Buy (SaaS)

Subscription / user / month ($)

Implementation, one-time ($)

Admin / config / yr ($)

Build (in-house)

Initial build cost, one-time ($)

Hosting / infrastructure / yr ($)

Maintenance (devs) / yr ($)

Support / yr ($)

Results

Buy (SaaS) — total

—

Build in-house — total

—

Buy (SaaS)

Build in-house

Facilities — Asset / Space Lifecycle TCO

Full lifecycle cost of a building system or facility asset.

Inputs

Apply volume discount on purchase price

Tier auto-set by quantity (5,000+ = Enterprise). Facilities: under-5k 5% / 5k+ 15%. Off = flat pricing.

Analysis period (years)

Quantity (assets / buildings)

Purchase / acquisition ($)

Installation, one-time ($)

Operating / yr ($)

Maintenance / yr ($)

Energy / utilities / yr ($)

Compliance / yr ($)

Resale / salvage at end ($)

Results

Per-asset lifecycle TCO

—

Total TCO (all assets)

—

Lease vs Buy

Own an asset outright or lease/finance it — the multi-year cost of each.

Inputs

Analysis period (years)

Buy

Purchase price ($)

Residual / resale at end ($)

Maintenance / yr ($)

Insurance / yr ($)

Lease / Finance

Down payment / first cost ($)

Monthly payment ($)

End-of-lease buyout ($, 0 if returned)

Maintenance / yr ($)

Insurance / yr ($)

Results

Buy — total

—

Lease / Finance — total

—

Buy

Lease / Finance

Insource vs Outsource

Run a function with your own staff or pay an outside provider — the multi-year cost of each.

Inputs

Analysis period (years)

In-house (insource)

Number of staff (FTEs)

Loaded salary / FTE / yr ($)

Tools & software / yr ($)

Overhead (space, mgmt) / yr ($)

One-time setup / hiring ($)

Outsource (provider)

Monthly fee ($)

One-time onboarding / transition ($)

Internal oversight / yr ($)

Results

In-house — total

—

Outsource — total

—

In-house

Outsource

Solar / Energy vs Grid

Install solar or keep buying grid power — multi-year cost, savings, and simple payback.

Inputs

Analysis period (years)

Solar

Net install cost after incentives ($)

Maintenance / yr ($)

Inverter / parts replacement, one-time ($)

Grid power still bought / yr ($)

Grid (do nothing)

Current annual electricity bill ($)

Annual utility rate increase (%)

Results

Solar — total

—

Grid — total

—

Solar

Grid

Factory-Floor Robots (Humanoid & Robot Dogs)

A fleet of humanoid robots + robot dogs vs the human labor they displace — total cost, ROI and payback. Cash-basis planning estimate; no financing/NPV. 2026 benchmark defaults, all editable.

Inputs

Analysis period (years)

Humanoids — number of robots

Humanoid — unit cost ($)

Humanoid — FTEs replaced / shift

Robot dogs — number of robots

Robot dog — unit cost ($)

Robot dog — inspection FTEs / shift

Shifts per day

Integration & deployment (% of capex)

Maintenance (% of capex / yr)

Energy / robot / yr ($)

Software & fleet-ops / robot / yr ($)

Residual at end (% of capex)

Downtime cost / hour ($)

Downtime hours / robot / yr

Fully-loaded labor / FTE / yr ($)

Line output value / yr ($, optional)

Throughput uplift (% of line value)

Results

Fleet TCO (over period)

—

Payback

—

FTEs displaced

—

Net value (over period)

—

Eleven cost calculators, one editable tool.

What's inside

How to use it

Depreciation & residual

Make it yours

License & copyright

Volume discount reference (typical ranges)

IT Endpoints — Mac vs Windows

Inputs

Mac

Windows

Results

Cloud vs On-Premises

Inputs

Cloud

On-Premises

Results

Fleet — Electric vs Gas (per vehicle)

Inputs

Electric (EV)

Gas / Diesel

Results

Equipment / Asset TCO

Inputs

Results

HR — Cost of Employee Turnover

Inputs

Results

Software — Build vs Buy

Inputs

Buy (SaaS)

Build (in-house)

Results

Facilities — Asset / Space Lifecycle TCO

Inputs

Results

Lease vs Buy

Inputs

Buy

Lease / Finance

Results

Insource vs Outsource

Inputs

In-house (insource)

Outsource (provider)

Results

Solar / Energy vs Grid

Inputs

Solar

Grid (do nothing)

Results

Factory-Floor Robots (Humanoid & Robot Dogs)

Inputs

Results

Frequently asked questions